Monday, April 28, 2008

Technological Advances: Why we need media literacy.

The book, Media Literacy, on page 22 defines media literacy as, “a set of perspectives that we can actively use to expose ourselves to the media to interpret the meaning of messages we encounter. We build our perspectives from knowledge structures. To build out knowledge structures, we need tools and raw material. These tools are our skills. The raw material is information from the media and from the real world. Active use means that we are aware of the messages and our consciously interacting with them.”

"Today's technologies represent a startling fusion of sight and sound that frequently make it difficult for us to discern illusion from reality, fact from fiction." Technological advances have changed the ways in which people, seek, receive, and perceive mass media. People are no longer getting information from just the radio, newspaper, and television. The internet has become a prominent source as well as cell phones and other digital gadgets.


These technological advances affect American students on a daily basis. They are the ones who constantly want the latest gadgets. In my opinion it is important that media literacy be taught to students before they involve themselves in the technological world of media messages. Preferably during their high school careers because their maturity and cognitive skills will have started to or fully evolved, and they should be taught media literacy before they become adults.

According to "Why Media Literacy Matters", “It is estimated that North American children spend twice as much time over the course of a year watching television as they do in school. A recent study found that U.S. children spend over four and a half hours a day using television, computers and video games. As media saturate our lives, it is vital that children learn to decode messages and images, to ask critical questions about who is creating them and for what purpose. Media literacy is fundamental in helping young people to become informed citizens who can actively and successfully communicate with society and the world.”

An article I read titled "Why Do U.S. Students Need Media Literacy?" states another reasonable argument as to why it is important for youth to learn media literacy. “As far as many American students are concerned, media is "just entertainment. "They know little about who controls the media, how media products are made, what effects the media may have on the public, and how media socialize us.”

High students are constantly using and exposed to technology. It is important for high school students to understand the technology they are exposed to especially if they are using newer technologies as their main media source. High school students need to learn and develop media literacy so that they are better prepared for college and the future. There is a relationship between the way the world is presented by the media and the way we as media consumers perceive that world. Crime is 10 times greater on television than in real life, but many Americans perceive their world to be as violent and threatening as the media construction.

To conclude, Media literacy is constantly changing the ways in which people think and view the world. Elizabeth Thoman writes, "Screenagers" — media-saturated kids — need to develop skills in order to recognize a culture that is shaped around the image.” Therefore, media literacy should be taught to students before they graduate high school, so that they can properly interpret mass media in the future and understand future technological advances.

In this video, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T59DKKNheoU, George Lucas discusses the Importance of multimedia literacy.

Sunday, April 20, 2008

Factors that Influence Media Effects

Many television viewers don’t realize there are factors that influence media effects on their lives. According to Wikipedia, “a media influence or media effect refers to the theories about the ways the mass media affect how their audiences think and behave.”

I decided to an exercise to see how these factors influence the effects media has on me. Recently I viewed the movie Flight 93. This move has several emotional and violent aspects to it. I realized throughout the movie I felt tense. Once the movie was over I felt empathy towards the victims and anger and aggression towards the Arabs who hijacked the plane. However, the next day all the emotions I had felt went away. Factors that influenced me to feel aggression and racism were my knowledge structure, my lifestyle, state of mind, sociological factors, Content of the message and motivations.

I believed that everything I viewed in the movie was realistic. My lifestyle or lack of real-life experiences, lead me to be more affected by the movie. My state of mind was thinking back to the tragic events of 9-11. I was feeling angry and empathy for the victims and their families before I even started the movie. I feel that sociological factors and motivations had an influence on my feelings of this movie because I was always taught to stand up for myself and to help others in need. While viewing the movie I just wanted to be on the plane and help those who were in need. I feel that the factor of motivation had an effect because I viewed this movie wanting to know what events took place on the plane. Lastly, the content of the movie was violent throughout the duration of the movie which was about two hours.

There were factors that removed me from feelings of aggression and anger. My cognitive ability to understand that it was just a movie I was watching and that I was not personally experiencing the dramatic event. I know my own personal locus or how media affects me. Therefore I was able to identify that the emotions I felt were caused by the movie and not caused by real-life events. My developmental maturities brought me back to reality.

Some may believe that media has no effect on a person behaving violent, but several people do. The factors that provoke an emotion may vary from different types of media. I have learned through my studies and continuance exposure to the media that it is important to know about these factors, what they mean, and to understand how media affects you.

In the future, I’d like to gain more real-life experiences so I don’t get caught up in the media and believe everything I view is realistic or true. I’d also like to use the media more as an information source rather than for entertainment. I’d like to change the ways in which I use and view media and decrease the amount of time I view media.

Sunday, April 6, 2008

Two and a Half Men Has More Than Two and a Half Million Viewers







Ratings seem to be everything in the television business. Networks are constantly competing with other networks and moving television show times and days around just to get the best possible ratings. I’d say the most competitive time of day is primetime. I decided to do some research on my own and see how one of my favorite shows rates on the scale.


The Hit comedy Two and a Half Men staring Charlie Sheen, Jon Cryer, and Angus T. Jones airs Monday nights at 9:00 on CBS. This is one of my favorite shows to watch because it is humorous and there is nothing else on television that I care to watch on Monday nights.


Some shows that Two and a Half Men competes with at the nine O’clock hour are, ABC's Dancing With the Stars, FOX's 24 or now New Amsterdam, NBC’s Deal or No Deal, and the CW’s Gossip Girl which has now been switched to One Tree Hill.


The chart below is from the week of 3/24/08-3/30/08. The information is according to the
Nielsen Media Research, Inc. and shows the top 20 network prime time series.

Top 20 Network Primetime Series: Total Households






Rank

Program Name

Net

Day

Time

Household

Viewers






Rating/Share

Audience






1

AMERICAN IDOL-WEDNESDAY

FOX

Wed

9:00 PM

15.2/24.0

17,185,000

25,742,000






2

AMERICAN IDOL-TUESDAY

FOX

Tue

8:00 PM

14.0/21.0

15,767,000

24,758,000






3

DANCING WITH THE STARS

ABC

Mon

8:00 PM

13.0/20.0

14,651,000

20,515,000






4

DANCING W/STARS RESULTS

ABC

Tue

9:00 PM

11.0/17.0

12,370,000

17,487,000






5

CSI: MIAMI

CBS

Mon

10:00 PM

10.3/17.0

11,587,000

16,065,000






6

CBS NCAA POST GUN SU 2(S)

CBS

Sun

7:17 PM

8.9/16.0

10,011,000

14,359,000






7

60 MINUTES

CBS

Sun

7:23 PM

8.7/14.0

9,768,000

13,359,000






8

TWO AND A HALF MEN

CBS

Mon

9:00 PM

8.6/13.0

9,723,000

14,235,000






9

APPRENTICE 7

NBC

Thu

9:00 PM

7.7/13.0

8,662,000

12,132,000






10

EXTREME MAKEOVER:HOME ED.

ABC

Sun

8:00 PM

7.5/12.0

8,467,000

12,964,000






11

DATELINE FRI

NBC

Fri

9:00 PM

7.1/12.0

7,982,000

10,628,000






11

DEAL OR NO DEAL 3/27(S)

NBC

Thu

8:00 PM

7.1/12.0

8,037,000

11,397,000






13

OPRAH'S BIG GIVE

ABC

Sun

9:01 PM

7.0/11.0

7,946,000

11,362,000






14

DANCING W/STARS RECAP(S)

ABC

Tue

8:00 PM

6.8/11.0

7,653,000

10,504,000






15

PRIMETIME:WHAT WOULD U DO

ABC

Tue

10:02 PM

6.7/11.0

7,583,000

9,916,000






16

MOMENT OF TRUTH

FOX

Wed

8:00 PM

6.6/11.0

7,421,000

10,051,000






17

CBS NCAA BSKBL CHMP SA-2(S)

CBS

Sat

9:00 PM

6.5/12.0

7,361,000

10,417,000






18

COLD CASE

CBS

Sun

9:24 PM

6.3/10.0

7,096,000

9,804,000






18

HOW I MET YOUR MOTHER

CBS

Mon

8:30 PM

6.3/10.0

7,127,000

10,667,000






20

DEAL OR NO DEAL-MON

NBC

Mon

9:00 PM

6.2/9.0

6,972,000

10,140,00







As you can see, Two and Half Men had the highest ratings and most viewers for its time slot this week. However what would happen to the show’s ratings if FOX moved American Idol’s day and time to Mondays at nine O’clock?

I believe that the show’s ratings would decline. American Idol has almost two times the rating share and audience than Two and Half Men. The amount of American Idol viewers is also almost two times the amount of Two and Half Men viewers. People would more likely want to view the performances and results of American Idol than watch a comedic episode of Two and Half Men. Personally, I would choose to watch Two and Half Men over American Idol, but I don’t believe I speak for the majority. There is also the idea of reality vs. fiction. I think American people feel as if they need to stay “caught up” or informed about reality more than a fictional story line. There is also the watercooler effect that plays an impact on what people are viewing. People are more likely to discuss what Simon Cowell said to a contestant or who got voted off on American Idol than what happened in a half hour episode of Two and Half Men.

I’m glad to see that the ratings show my favorite television show is doing well. However, these ratings are sure to change and differ from week to week especially this month because a lot of shows will be airing new episodes again since the writers strike.

Saturday, March 8, 2008

Hate to Admit the Reality of the Book...

Recently I’ve read Neil Postman’s book, “Amusing Ourselves to Death.” The book, written in 1985, describes the effects of electronic media on our society. Most of its contents relate to today’s media and society. Sometimes I hate to agree with Postman’s arguments, but I can’t deny the reality of his thoughts. I think that’s what makes the book so “amusing.”


In chapter two Postman discusses his thoughts about “Media as Epistemology.” Postman compares speech, print and television epistemology. He describes ways in which people consume and trust each medium. A statistic I found on the internet that goes along with Postman’s views on media as epistemology was in an article titled, “Medium or Message? Predicting Dimensions of Political Sophistication.” The article stated, “A telephone survey data revealed that people who both frequently use and rely on newspapers outperform their television counterparts in knowledge and cognitive elaboration, but television is more effective in producing political interest and active processing of news information.”


In chapter nine, Postman describes how politics has become entertainment because of the television. This is noticeable in today’s society. With the election approaching, the candidates are plastered all over the television. They are guests on talk shows and provide commercials to help boost their campaigns. Politicians’ television presence is more for entertainment purposes and to promote the public’s interests. They have become celebrities.

Postman describes television as purely entertainment saying, “American television, in other words, is devoted entirely to supplying its audience with entertainment.” Check out my post Where's the News? to see how this statement relates to today’s society.

Although I agree with several of Postman’s arguments, some of his statements could use revising for today’s time. I don’t think today's younger generation could completely agree with Postman’s statements because they have grown up with electronic media and don’t know or rely on much else. Postman brings up this point about our culture when he says, "Television is our culture’s principle mode of knowing about itself." The majority of the younger generation's primary sources for knowledge and information are television and internet.

I wish I could quote and elaborate on several of Postman’s remarks, but if I did, I’d be typing a book of my own. Postman is snippy and snobbish at times, but his analysis of television and the media of today’s society, for the most part, are right on the nose.

Wednesday, February 27, 2008

Where's the News?

It has become apparent in today’s society, that news has become more of an entertainment media rather than strictly news reporting. Today’s television viewers rarely can sit and watch a news segment without seeing some kind of entertainment “buzz” story. Britney Spears and other Hollywood celebrities are plastered all over the news, including “big time” news sources such as CNN, USA Today and Fox News. I feel as if today, many news mediums will report anything, as long as it’s entertaining. Are there any news sources out there that are strictly reporting news based stories, rather than entertaining stories?


I thought that if I researched Citizen Journalism, I may find some news based only sites. I was wrong. There was one site that I found particularly interesting. A citizen journalism site titled, H2otown, focuses strictly on the geographical news of its town. This site has not only a creative title, but a creative approach to reporting as well. The site is made by and for the people of Watertown, Massachusetts. However, it is not news based only. The site reports different events going on in the town. People of the town are also able to post questions or comments they may have. For example, a lady posted asking if anyone new of a place in town where she could return the remaining pills of her prescription. The site is unique in the way that it is based around only one particular town and the posting is done by the people of the town.


In terms of context, how is this site different from other news sites?
Although there are no deadlines for the reporting,
H2otown does have some constraints present. The most obvious constraint is geographical. The site contains information only about Watertown, Massachusetts. There are also several resource limitations. The reporting is being done by the community; therefore there is a limited amount of video footage or pictures. The majority of the people of the community do not have access to high tech equipment or news crews. Lastly, the site contains a lot of news-framing influences. According to the book, Media Literacy , "news-framing influences are like constraints in the sense that they can be seen as forces that shape what gets selected and presented as news." The site appeals to the people of Watertown, Massachusetts. Although they inform, some of the articles on events persuade people to attend them or include information on how and when to attend.



There are several things I enjoyed about reading the articles on the site. One is the site’s news perspective. All the people posting have similar news perspectives. (Reporting events occurring in Watertown) All the articles are short and to the point. This makes the site simple and easy to read. Second, although the site is based around one community, there isn’t a lot of bias. The posts include both positive and negative things about the town. Lastly, for the most part, I was impressed with the context of the articles. There was a range of topics. Deaths of people in the community were posted along with background information. Also, the histories of different events being held in Watertown were posted within the event article. The site also included information about sports, weather and cooking recipes.


To conclude, I believe that we’ve come to a point in our society where entertainment is a part of news. I don’t think we will ever see news again that does not include at least one entertainment story.

Monday, February 11, 2008

Fans vs. Favorites

I think that Alex makes a valid point in his comment. The fans do have an advantage over the favorites in the sense that the fans have watched the favorites and are aware of their habits and abilities. However, for this to be an advantage the fans would have needed to possess the natural ability of crystalline intelligence while watching the favorites on the show. The fans would need to remember the details about the favorites and understand their habits and abilities.
Alex makes the point that the favorites have an advantage of experience over the fans. Because of this assumption, I believe Alex shows she has media literacy because she has not mistaken the favorites’ real-life experience as her own from watching the show. However, she has not taken into consideration that what she and the other fans have seen on the show is not the whole picture.
The show is only an hour long episode; therefore it does not truly represent all of the favorites’ personalities and abilities. This brings up an issue of media literacy that we have discussed in class, traps of media. Alex and the fans may have a false perception of being informed about the favorites. What they think they saw or interpreted from watching the television may not be the complete truth. Producers and television execs can edit and alter the reality of the show to make it more entertaining or dramatic, leaving the audience with a false perception of the truth.

Monday, February 4, 2008

Max Headroom

In class we discussed the three types/ classifications of media messages; information based, entertainment based, and advertising based. We discussed how sometimes a message can represent more than one or even all three. (The line is blurred between the three types.) I thought this was an interesting topic of media literacy presented in the Max Headroom episode.
The show was based around a news station. Many people would automatically think that this meant the messages being exposed to the public were information based messages. However, this episode of Max Headroom proved that even with news the line is blurred between information and entertainment based messages. There was a quote from the episode that made this concept stand out.
Edison Carter said, “Since when has news been entertainment?” He was answered by his friend with the mustache, “Since it began.”
The whole episode was based around the idea of “sweeps” and the competition for rates and viewers between two different news stations. The one news station was not reporting true news. The stories the news station was reporting were staged and planned out. The episode shows that even the news can sometimes trap us and give us a false sense of being informed.